X-ray Imaging to Determine Seed Quality

Last August, the Research and Conservation Department received a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) to “advance the North American Botanic Garden Strategy for Alpine Plant Conservation” (MA-255890-OMS-24). The Alpine Strategy is a document that was published in 2020 by the Gardens and Betty Ford Alpine Gardens to serve as a blueprint for protecting alpine plants and ecosystems in North America. The funded project will support a nationwide endeavor to document and preserve the natural heritage of vulnerable and treasured plant species, specifically targeting the role that botanic gardens play in advancing this mission. The objectives of the project will engage the botanic garden community and those working in alpine plant conservation, while moving us closer to our goal of understanding and conserving alpine habitats and plants in North America. 

Changing environmental conditions threaten plant communities worldwide, with alpine plant species being particularly vulnerable. Temperature fluctuations are projected to be most severe at high elevations and species will be displaced to higher and higher elevations, or highly restricted microsites, until there is nowhere left in which to migrate. The limited space for plants to migrate to track suitable environmental conditions, coupled with the potential inability to adjust traits or phenology, may increase extinction risk. Alpine species are in desperate need of conservation action.  

Understanding seed dynamics is arguably the most important piece of ex situ (outside of the natural habitat) seed conservation. Successful management of ex situ seed collections relies on understanding seed quality, viability and seed banking behavior. Prior to seed banking, it is important to have an estimate of the quality of each collection so that resources are not wasted on a non-viable collection and to understand how viability may change throughout the duration of storage. The most efficient and least destructive way to assess seed quality is through x-ray imagery. X-ray imaging is especially appropriate for small seed collections or for those of globally threatened species so as not to destroy any of the seeds in the collection. X-raying allows the inspection of the inside of the seeds, providing images that show whether a seed is filled with an embryo/endosperm, empty, or predated upon by an insect. With this information we can have an initial estimate of seed collection quality, which is impossible with visual inspection alone. 

The funding from IMLS allowed us to purchase a Kubtec X-ray to image all our alpine seed collections, which ranged in collection year from 1988 to 2025. Overall, our alpine seed collections are of good quality, with 87% of the collections having above 70% estimated viability (filled with viable tissue and potentially capable of germination).